{"id":3692,"date":"2019-04-21T10:50:20","date_gmt":"2019-04-21T08:50:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.pe-dev.de\/diseases\/function-of-the-bone-marrow\/"},"modified":"2021-12-25T12:06:56","modified_gmt":"2021-12-25T11:06:56","slug":"function-of-the-bone-marrow","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/diseases\/function-of-the-bone-marrow\/","title":{"rendered":"Function of the bone marrow"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #9e0e6d;\">Function of the bone marrow<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<input type=\"hidden\" bg_collapse_expand_pro=\"69d64232d6ad40042317872\" value=\"69d64232d6ad40042317872\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-more-text-69d64232d6ad40042317872\" value=\"      1 Function of the bone marrow\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-less-text-69d64232d6ad40042317872\" value=\"      1 Function of the bone marrow\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-icon-bg-color-69d64232d6ad40042317872\" value=\"\"><a id=\"bg-showmore-action-69d64232d6ad40042317872\" class=\"bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow  \" style=\"color:#9e0e6d;;font-weight:bold; font-size:24px; line-height:150%;\" href=\"#\">      1 Function of the bone marrow<\/a><ul class=\"bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin bg-showmore-closed\" id=\"bg-showmore-pro-hidden-69d64232d6ad40042317872\"><br>\nInside the flat bones is the bone marrow, where all the blood cells are produced. There are three types of cell: <strong>red blood cells<\/strong> (<em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;erythrocyte&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Red blood cell; erythrocytes make up the majority of cellular blood components. They are formed in the bone marrow, contain haemoglobin (the red pigment in blood ) and have a life expectancy of about 120 days in healthy people. The haemoglobin content of the blood is an important measurement(...)&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/erythrocyte\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">erythrocyte<\/a>s<\/em>), <strong>white blood cells<\/strong> (<em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;leukocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;White blood cell. Cells with a wide variety of forms and functions. The leukocytes are responsible for defending against pathogens and removing debris due to decaying cells.  &lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/leukocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">leukocytes<\/a><\/em>) and <strong>platelets<\/strong> (<em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;thrombocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Smallest form of blood cells, whose main task is to maintain blood clotting&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/thrombocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">thrombocytes<\/a><\/em>).\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Red blood cells <\/strong>contain <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;haemoglobin&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Hb; red blood cell pigment consisting of haem (an iron-containing component) and globin (a protein). Binds, transports and releases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Reference values: women 12-16 g\/dl or 7.5-9.9 mmol\/l, men 14-18 g\/dl or 8.7-11.2 mmol\/l &lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/haemoglobin\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">haemoglobin<\/a><\/em>, which gives them their characteristic red colour. <em>Haemoglobin<\/em> is important for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the (<em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;peripheral&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Area outside a centre or origin; peripheral blood is blood in the peripheral circulation&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/peripheral\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">peripheral<\/a><\/em>) body tissues and for returning carbon dioxide from the <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;periphery&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Area outside a centre or origin; peripheral blood is blood in the peripheral circulation&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/periphery\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">periphery<\/a><\/em> back to the lungs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>White blood cells <\/strong> form part of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;immune system&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Defence system; system that enables the body to fight off infections and to distinguish between its own and foreign tissues. In humans, the immune system consists of specialised proteins (antibodies), immune cells (white blood cells) and immune organs. It is responsible for our body&amp;#039;s defences(...)&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/immune-system\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">immune system<\/a>&rsquo;s defences and protect the body against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi. They can be divided into <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;granulocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;subgroup of white blood cells They destroy invading bacteria that can cause diseases. &lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/granulocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">granulocytes<\/a><\/em> und <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;lymphocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Subgroup of white blood cells that play a role in the defence against diseases and foreign substances&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/lymphocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">lymphocytes<\/a><\/em> .<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>platelets<\/strong> Platelets help to stop bleeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The bone marrow constantly produces new blood cells, which enter the bloodstream once they have matured. They only have a limited lifespan: <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;erythrocyte&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Red blood cell; erythrocytes make up the majority of cellular blood components. They are formed in the bone marrow, contain haemoglobin (the red pigment in blood ) and have a life expectancy of about 120 days in healthy people. The haemoglobin content of the blood is an important measurement(...)&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/erythrocyte\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">erythrocyte<\/a>s<\/em> have a lifespan of about four months, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;leukocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;White blood cell. Cells with a wide variety of forms and functions. The leukocytes are responsible for defending against pathogens and removing debris due to decaying cells.  &lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/leukocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">leukocytes<\/a><\/em> only a few hours and <em>platelets<\/em> a few days.<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div style=\"width: 614px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haematopoesis_EN_web-1.jpg\" alt=\"Blood cell development (simplified)\" width=\"604\" height=\"634\"\/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Blood cell development<\/i> (simplified)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Normally, regulatory mechanisms produce as many new blood cells as the body needs. This means that the production of red cells can be increased if their number is reduced, for example due to <em>anaemia<\/em> or bleeding. If the body needs to fight an infection, the bone marrow produces more white blood cells.<\/p><\/ul><ul style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><style type=\"text\/css\">a.bg-showmore-plg-link:hover,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:active,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:focus{color:#0071bb;}<\/style>\n<input type=\"hidden\" bg_collapse_expand_pro=\"69d64232d6cfa9049302685\" value=\"69d64232d6cfa9049302685\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-more-text-69d64232d6cfa9049302685\" value=\"      2 Bone marrow stem cells and their environment\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-less-text-69d64232d6cfa9049302685\" value=\"      2 Bone marrow stem cells and their environment\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-icon-bg-color-69d64232d6cfa9049302685\" value=\"\"><a id=\"bg-showmore-action-69d64232d6cfa9049302685\" class=\"bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow  \" style=\"color:#9e0e6d;;font-weight:bold; font-size:24px; line-height:150%;\" href=\"#\">      2 Bone marrow stem cells and their environment<\/a><\/ul><ul class=\"bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin bg-showmore-closed\" id=\"bg-showmore-pro-hidden-69d64232d6cfa9049302685\"><br>\nThe bone marrow contains a very small number of blood stem cells from which new blood cells are developed. Not only are fully mature cells produced, but new stem cells are constantly produced to maintain this ongoing cycle of cell generation.\n<p>If the stem cells are not damaged and the environment of the stem cells (the &lsquo;stem cell niche&rsquo;) is intact, normal production of healthy blood cells and stem cells can take place. But if either of these two components is defective, cell production is disrupted and there may even be complete bone marrow failure<\/p><\/ul><ul style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><style type=\"text\/css\">a.bg-showmore-plg-link:hover,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:active,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:focus{color:#0071bb;}<\/style>\n<input type=\"hidden\" bg_collapse_expand_pro=\"69d64232d6da77065726094\" value=\"69d64232d6da77065726094\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-more-text-69d64232d6da77065726094\" value=\"      3 Functional disorders of the bone marrow (bone marrow failure)\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-show-less-text-69d64232d6da77065726094\" value=\"      3 Functional disorders of the bone marrow (bone marrow failure)\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bg-icon-bg-color-69d64232d6da77065726094\" value=\"\"><a id=\"bg-showmore-action-69d64232d6da77065726094\" class=\"bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow  \" style=\"color:#9e0e6d;;font-weight:bold;font-size:24px; line-height:150%;\" href=\"#\">      3 Functional disorders of the bone marrow (bone marrow failure)<\/a><\/ul><ul class=\"bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin bg-showmore-closed\" id=\"bg-showmore-pro-hidden-69d64232d6da77065726094\"><br>\nIf cell production in the bone marrow is disrupted, a sufficient number of blood cells cannot be produced <em>(<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;bone marrow hypoplasia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Bone marrow with too few cells&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/bone-marrow-hypoplasia\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">bone marrow hypoplasia<\/a>)<\/em>. Depending on whether the production of <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;erythrocyte&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Red blood cell; erythrocytes make up the majority of cellular blood components. They are formed in the bone marrow, contain haemoglobin (the red pigment in blood ) and have a life expectancy of about 120 days in healthy people. The haemoglobin content of the blood is an important measurement(...)&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/erythrocyte\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">erythrocyte<\/a>s<\/em>, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;leukocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;White blood cell. Cells with a wide variety of forms and functions. The leukocytes are responsible for defending against pathogens and removing debris due to decaying cells.  &lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/leukocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">leukocytes<\/a><\/em> or <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;thrombocytes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Smallest form of blood cells, whose main task is to maintain blood clotting&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/thrombocytes\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">thrombocytes<\/a><\/em> is disrupted, symptoms such as pallor, a tendency to infection or bleeding can occur. If development of all three cell types is disrupted (<em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;pancytopenia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Tricytopenia; deficiency of blood cells of all three cell lines (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/pancytopenia\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pancytopenia<\/a><\/em>), this is referred to as bone marrow failure <em>(<\/em>bone marrow <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;aplasia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Condition of the non-functional bone marrow that cannot develop blood cells&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/glossar\/aplasia\/\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aplasia<\/a><\/em>).<\/ul><ul style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><style type=\"text\/css\">a.bg-showmore-plg-link:hover,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:active,a.bg-showmore-plg-link:focus{color:#0071bb;}<\/style>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Function of the bone marrow &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":3689,"menu_order":25,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3692","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3692"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3692\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3689"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aa-pnh.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}